Pengertian secara umum ada dua teknik sampling yang dapat digunakan, yaitu sampling probabilitas yang cenderung bersifat kuantitatif dengan analisis statistik, dan teknik sampling nonprobabilitas yang cenderung bersifat kualitatif. This sampling method generates biased samples because respondents who have great number of social connections are able to provide. While these projects define themselves as global surveys, the methodology they use, and particularly the sampling methods they apply, cast doubt on the. The entire process of sampling is done in a single step with each subject selected independently of the other members of the. Yamane, p3 examples of nonprobability sampling used extensively in. Thus the sample group is said to grow like a rolling snowball. Therefore this method is also called the chainreferral sampling method. Stratified sampling selfselection sampling cluster sampling snowball sampling probability sampling 1. Quota sampling method is a nonprobability sampling and it can be defined as a sampling method of gathering representative data from a group. A manual for selecting sampling techniques in research 4 preface the manual for sampling techniques used in social sciences is an effort to describe various types of sampling methodologies that are used in researches of social sciences in an easy and understandable way. A purposeful method of sampling in qualitative research find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate.
The procedures of chain referral sampling are not selfevident or obvious. It is as if the use of the snowball method entailed little more than to start it rolling through a personal contact or through an informant and then simply to sit back and allow the resulting chain to follow its own course. The article provides the description and comparison of two nonrandom samplings which are snowball or chain referral sampling and sequential sampling. Snowball sampling has advanced as a technique and the literature contains evi dence of a trend toward more sophisti cated methods of sampling frame and. It involves identifying one or more members of a rare population and asking them to name other members of the same population. Beginning with the premise that research is formed, the paper offers one account of snowball sampling and using social networks to make research. Snowball sampling is a popular technique among social scientists who wish to work with a population that is difficult to identify or locate. This method relies on referrals from initially sampled respondents to other persons believed to have the characteristic of interest. For example if you got two referrals from each person, then starting from two people get four more, then eight, sixteen and so on.
A manual for selecting sampling techniques in research. Snowball sampling is a special nonprobability method used when. For example, if you wanted to interview a sample of vegetarians cyclists people with a particular. Snowball sampling is a technique where a researcher picks the first few samples and either recruits them or asks them to recommend other subjects they know who fit the description of samples needed. In spite of the widespread use of chain referral sampling in. In other words, the sample starts small but snowballs into a larger sample through the. As noted at the joint meetings in montreal, the recruitment of friends to be participants in ones study is an especially weak method.
This sampling method is appropriate when the population has mixed characteristics, and you want to ensure that every characteristic is proportionally represented in the sample. Firstly, and most easily, as an informal method to reach a target population. This often occurs when the population is somehow marginalized, like homeless or formerly incarcerated individuals or those who are involved in illegal activities. In the ambit of social research, the use of new technologies is still questioned because the selection bias is an obstacle to carry on scientific research on the internet. This approach allows you to utilise the original group as informants who can help in identifying additional people to interview who qualify for inclusion and these, in turn, identify yet. If youre interested in researching a specific group of people, like restaurant managers or crime victims, you need to recruit participants for your study. Snowball sampling is a nonprobability based sampling technique that can be used to gain access to such populations. It is useful when the investigator may not have access to a population of potential subjects who meet inclusion criteria, which may often be stigmatizing. Scholars have posited several anecdotally based recommendations for enhancing the diver. Snowball sampling snowball sampling or chainreferral sampling is defined as a a nonprobability sampling technique in which the samples have traits that are rare to find. Pdf on sep 30, 2017, mahin naderifar and others published snowball sampling. The goal of this case study is to provide researchers, including doctoral students, with realistic expectations and an awareness of the benefits and risks associated with the use of this method of data collection. These nonprobability sampling methods are less desirable than probability samples, but sometimes unavoidable.
Comparision of snowball sampling and sequential sampling. For example, if you are studying the level of customer satisfaction among elite nirvana bali golf club in bali, you will find it increasingly difficult. The snowball effect occurs as referrals multiply at each step. Snowball sampling uses a method beloved by sales people, where customer referrals to new prospects have particular value as the relationship of trust. Thus, this method is also called as the referral sampling method or chain sampling method. Sep 19, 2019 this sampling method is appropriate when the population has mixed characteristics, and you want to ensure that every characteristic is proportionally represented in the sample. The snowball method in practice for this method, small groups of 4 to 6 members should be formed. Jun 08, 2016 dimana snowball sampling ini adalah termasuk dalam teknik nonprobability sampling sample dengan probabilitas yang tidak sama. Snowball sampling can be applied for two primary purposes. According to research mentioned in the paper written by kath browne, using social networks to research is accessible. Sampling is defined as the process of selecting certain members or a subset of the population to make statistical inferences from them and to estimate characteristics of the whole population.
The only way of finding members of some communities. The circle makes it easier for more natural interaction. Snowball sampling is a technique that can be applied in two survey contexts. Snowball sampling is a nonprobability sampling technique that is used by researchers to identify potential subjects in studies where subjects are hard to locate. Snowball, cluster, quota, and other methods may be involved. The snowball sampling is a nonrandom sampling technique wherein the initial informants are approached who through their social network nominate or refer the participants that meet the eligibility criteria of the research under study. Snowball sampling social research update university of surrey. Snowball sampling has been widely used in qualitative sociological research, especially in the. This method relies on referrals from initially sampled. Using social media and targeted snowball sampling to survey a. Thus, this method is also called as the referral sampling method or chain.
Researchers use this sampling method if the sample for the study is very rare or is limited to a very small subgroup of the population. In this regard, the authors hypothesis is that the use of social networking sites web 2. Pdf snowball sampling is a wellknown, nonprobability method of survey sample selection that is commonly used to locate hidden. Learn about its definition, examples, and advantages so that a marketer can select the right sampling method for research. A purposeful method of sampling in qualitative research. In this context, snowball sampling is a nonprobability sampling technique. Download pdf show page numbers snowball sampling may be defined as a technique for gathering research subjects through the identification of an initial subject who is used to provide the names of other actors. Untuk menjawab permasalahan khusus yang sulit diungkapkan dan tidak mudah dianalisis secara statistik, maka teknik sampling non. In sociology and statistics research, snowball sampling or chain sampling, chainreferral sampling, referral sampling is a nonprobability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances. Snowball sampling also called network, chain referral, or reputational sampling is a method for identifying and sampling the cases in a network. You divide the population into subgroups called strata based on the relevant characteristic e.
Creating a snowball sample to create a snowball sample, there are two steps. Hence snowball sampling and respondentdriven sampling allow participants to make estimates about the social network connecting the hidden population. Untuk metode pengambilan sample seperti ini khusus digunakan untuk datadata yang bersifat komunitas dari subjektif respondensample, atau dengan kata lain oblek sample yang kita inginkan sangat langka dan bersifat. Application of quota sampling ensures that sample group represents certain characteristics of the population chosen by the researcher.
One of the most wellknown forms of nonprobability sampling is the snowball sampling method, which is particularly suitable when. Snowball sampling is a popular business study method. The general objective is to identify members of the rare population. Comparision of snowball sampling and sequential sampling technique. Pdf comparision of snowball sampling and sequential.
Jan 26, 2017 in other words, snowball sampling method is a good mechanism to obtain additional referrals from respondents to generate additional interview participants. Yamane, p3 examples of nonprobability sampling used extensively in 1920s and 1930s are the judgment. The first context involves surveying members of a rare population. For example, if you are studying the level of customer satisfaction among elite nirvana bali golf club in bali, you will find it increasingly difficult to find primary data sources unless a member is. Using social media and targeted snowball sampling to. The article provides a description and analysis of some of the problems that were encountered and resolved in the course of using the method in a relatively large exploratory study of exopiate addicts.
It also described different form of sampling method. Often used in industry, where an item is selected for testing from a production line say, every fifteen minutes to ensure that machines and equipment are working to specification. This article explains a what snowball sampling is, b how to create a snowball sample, and c the advantages. For example, if you are studying the level of customer satisfaction among elite nirvana bali golf club in bali, you will find it increasingly difficult to find primary data sources unless a member is willing to provide you with contacts of other members. The aim of this paper is to present a sampling method using virtual networks to study hard. This sampling technique is often used in hidden populations which are difficult for researchers to. Goodmans formulation requires an initial sample drawn using a probability method on a known sampling frame. The snowball sampling is a research technique through survey and data registration which is. Simple random sampling in this technique, each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected as subject. Snowball sampling friend of friend you initially contact a few potential respondents and then ask them whether they know of anybody with the same characteristics that you are looking for in your research. Snowball sampling method is purely based on referrals and that is how a researcher is able to generate a sample. Pdf snowball sampling is a wellknown, nonprobability method of survey sample selection that is commonly used to locate hidden populations. Using the purposive sampling method in choosing a sampling method for informant selection, the question the researcher is interested in answering is of utmost importance.
It also talks in detail about probability sampling methods and nonprobability sampling methods as well as the. In sociology, snowball sampling refers to a nonprobability sampling technique which includes purposive sampling in which a researcher begins with a small population of known individuals and expands the sample by asking those initial participants to identify others that should participate in the study. If the aim of a study is primarily explorative, qualitative and descriptive, then snowball sampling offers practical advantages hendricks, blanken and adriaans, 1992. Please note that some file types are incompatible with some mobile and tablet devices. Systematic random sampling systematic sampling, sometimes called interval sampling, means that there is a gap, or interval, between each selection. Enhancing the sample diversity of snowball samples. Snowball sampling may be defined as a technique for gathering research subjects through the identification of an initial subject who is used to provide the names of other actors. Aids patients about an undisclosed grouporganization prostitution e.
The first purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection ma. The question will decide the objectives on which the methodology will be based. Enhancing the sample diversity of snowball samples plos. The snowball sampling method is extensively used where a population is unknown and rare and it is tough to choose subjects to assemble them as samples for research. Snowball sampling is a special nonprobability method e for developing a research sample where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances. It doesnt have the probability involved, with say, simple random sampling where the. Sociology at surrey university of surrey research socialupdate. Snowball sampling also known as chainreferral sampling is a nonprobability nonrandom sampling method used when characteristics to be possessed by samples are rare and difficult to find. Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Snowball sampling a nonprobability sampling method this method is useful when the population is hidden or cannot trace clearly due to the various reasons including legal and ethical matters.
Snowball sampling is a recruitment technique in which research participants are asked to assist researchers in identifying other potential subjects. Snowball sampling is a nonprobability sampling method. Snowball sampling snowball sampling is a recruitment method in which an investigator enlists the help of a research subject in identifying, and possibly recruiting, additional subjects. The second involves studying mutual relationships among population members. For example, it will be extremely challenging to survey shelterless people or illegal immigrants. This article enlists the types of sampling and sampling methods along with examples. Dec 04, 2018 the snowball sampling method is extensively used where a population is unknown and rare and it is tough to choose subjects to assemble them as samples for research. Pdf comparision of snowball sampling and sequential sampling. Snowball sampling is a wellknown, nonprobability method of survey sample selection that is commonly used to locate hidden populations. This paper explores snowball sampling, a recruitment method that employs research into participants social networks to access specific populations. Nonprobability sampling focuses on sampling techniques that are based on the judgement of the researcher see our article nonprobability sampling to learn more about nonprobability sampling. Snowball sampling is a commonly employed sampling method in qualitative research.
This article attempts to rectify this methodological neglect. In this research, kath browne used social networks to research nonheterosexual women. Aug 19, 2019 snowball sampling a nonprobability sampling method this method is useful when the population is hidden or cannot trace clearly due to the various reasons including legal and ethical matters. Snowball sampling is a type of nonprobability sampling technique. Snowball sampling research office oregon state university. Assessing limitations and uses of convenience samples. This research describes snowball sampling as a purposeful method of data collection in qualitative research. These actors may themselves open possibilities for an expanding web of contact. As the sample builds up, enough data are gathered to be useful for research.
It begins with one or a few people or cases and spreads out on the basis of links to the initial cases. Insights from an overview of the methods literature abstract the methods literature regarding sampling in qualitative research is characterized by important inconsistencies and ambiguities, which can be problematic for students and researchers seeking a clear and coherent understanding. Snowball sampling has been widely used in qualitative sociological research, especially in the study of deviant behavior and is used in the place where the population is hard to reach. The use of currently enrolled research participants to recruit additional research participants sometimes referred to as the snowball sampling may be approved by the irb under some circumstances. Snowball sampling is a sampling method that is used in studies which need to be carried out to understand subjects which are difficult to trace. A study on purposive sampling method in research neetij rai bikash thapa chapter i. In other words, snowball sampling method is a good mechanism to obtain additional referrals from respondents to generate additional interview participants. Snowball sampling is a recruitment method that employs research into participants social networks to access specific populations. However, snowball sampling does not eliminate potential bias between responders and nonresponders and is therefore not a solution to nonresponse in mail surveys. Thus, snowball sampling may be a costeffective method of data collection for analytic studies which examine associations between variables as was the case of our surveys. Judgmental sampling, also called purposive sampling or authoritative sampling, is a nonprobability sampling technique in which the sample members are chosen only on the basis of the researchers knowledge and judgment. From the listed the researcher has to deliberately select items to be sample.
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